傳統(tǒng)滅活、減毒疫苗的感染風(fēng)險和亞單位疫苗的低免疫原性限制了疫苗的臨床應(yīng)用，近年來，基于納米遞送載體的疫苗因其優(yōu)秀的靶向遞送、抗原呈遞效果受到廣泛關(guān)注。通過調(diào)控納米遞送載體的物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)，基于納米遞送載體的疫苗可以模擬天然感染過程，精準將特異性抗原快速遞送到淋巴結(jié)或靶部位，促進抗原呈遞細胞的成熟和抗原的交叉呈遞，激活效應(yīng)免疫細胞，誘導(dǎo)強大的免疫反應(yīng)，納米疫苗還能與免疫檢查點抑制劑、腫瘤血管生成抑制劑等藥物進行聯(lián)合治療，預(yù)防疾病的復(fù)發(fā)，降低其不良反應(yīng)。綜述了納米遞送載體的被動靶向、生物相容性、主動靶向、改善免疫應(yīng)答和誘導(dǎo)黏膜免疫應(yīng)答的功能，以及近年來基于納米遞送載體的疫苗在腫瘤免疫治療、自身免疫性疾病和傳染病預(yù)防等方面的應(yīng)用進展，并討論其未來發(fā)展與面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。

The infection risk of traditional inactivated and attenuated vaccines and the low immunogenicity of subunit vaccines have limited the clinical application of vaccines. In recent years, vaccines based on nano-delivery carriers have attracted widespread attention for their excellent targeted delivery and antigen presentation. By regulating the physicochemical properties of nanodelivery carriers, nano-delivery carrier-based vaccines can mimic the natural infection process, accurately and rapidly deliver specific antigens to lymph nodes or target sites, promote cross-presentation of antigens, activate effector immune cells, and induce strong immune responses. Nanovaccines can also be combined with drugs such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and tumor angiogenesis inhibitors to prevent disease recurrence and reduce their adverse effects. This paper reviews the passive targeting, biocompatibility, active targeting, immune response improvement and mucosal immune response induction functions of nanodelivery vectors, as well as the progress of the application of nano-delivery vector-based vaccines in the immunotherapy of tumors, autoimmune diseases and prevention of infectious diseases in recent years, and discusses their future development and challenges.

R979.5

中國食品藥品檢定研究院關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究基金項目（GJJS-2022-6-4）